01. Units: Convert between different units for the same quantity; multiply and divide units of different quantities; and multiply and divide units of the same quantity. Provide proper units with answers.
02. Story: Describe 1-D motion by equations, graphs, and words. Given one type of description, generate any other to describe the same motion. Graphs refer specifically to position-time, velocity-time, and acceleration-time graphs. Graphs may be qualitative or quantitative, depending on the specifications of the problem. Students must be able to generate exact equations for constant-velocity and constant-acceleration motion.
03. 1D Kinematics: Relate absolute and relative position, velocity, and time in a 1-D constant-velocity or constant-acceleration situation. This includes creating the position or velocity equation given the other and appropriate initial conditions or other sufficient information; finding the differences between positions and velocities of different constant-velocity objects; and finding the time at which particular events occur.
04. Constant acceleration: Recall the formulas useful for constant velocity and constant acceleration motion. Without notes.
05. Trig: Define the sine, cosine, and tangent functions relating the sides and angles of a right triangle. Without notes.
06. Vectors: Distinguish vectors and scalars. Express vectors graphically, as magnitude and direction, as components, and as linear combinations of unit basis vectors; and convert between these representations. Add, subtract; and take scalar multiples of vectors. Convert between polar and Cartesian coordinate descriptions of vectors. Add and subtract vectors both graphically and by components.
07. Vector Operations: Calculate dot products and cross products of vectors. Students may carry out any of these operations using either component or magnitude-and-direction descriptions of the vectors, as long as the final result is in the requested format.
08. Ballistic: Predict, calculate, describe, and relate the horizontal and vertical components of position, velocity, and acceleration to time for a ballistic trajectory. This includes all free-fall projectile problems, including decomposing initial velocity vectors into components, deriving and using the range equation, finding the time at which particular events occur, determining the time and place of the apex of a trajectory, and so on.
09. Circular: Relate period, angular velocity, speed, position, and acceleration for an object undergoing uniform circular motion. This includes specifying the directions of the vectors. It does not include circular motion with changing speed.
10. UCM formulas: Define quantities describing uniform circular motion. Recall the formulas relating period, angular velocity, speed, position, and acceleration. Without notes.
11. N1: Equate mechanical equilibrium and zero net force (Newton’s first law).
12. fbd: Draw a qualitatively correct (appropriate forces with approximate directions and magnitudes) free-body diagram for a body. Applies to objects with balanced or unbalanced forces.
13. Statics: Determine the unknown force in a system in mechanical equilibrium not considering torques. Desired results may be directions or magnitudes or both.
14. Net force: Relate the individual vector forces acting on an object to the net force acting on it. Includes finding the net force from the individual forces, or one component force when the net force is known.
15. N2: Given the net force acting on an object, determine its acceleration. includes magnitude and direction.
16. Forces: Determine the magnitudes and directions of the following forces: static and kinetic friction, normal force, tension, constant-field gravity, viscous drag, and a Hooke’s law spring.
17. N3: Given a force, Identify its source, its Newton’s third law partner, and the object it acts upon.
18. Work: Relate the work done on an object to the forces applied to it and its displacement. This includes defining and calculating work, and recognizing that work is a scalar.
19. K: Calculate the translational kinetic energy of an object from its speed and mass.
20. Work-energy: Relate the net work done on an object to its change in kinetic energy. This applies the work-energy theorem.
21. U: Calculate an object's gravitational potential energy (uniform gravity) and a spring’s elastic potential energy. Includes relating the potential energy change to work done against the force.
22. Conservative forces: Identify and distinguish conservative and non-conservative forces. Inclues identifying and applying the signs of a conservative force.
23. Energy conservation: Use conservation of energy to analyze multi-step processes. Such processes include collisions, ballistic pendulums, Tarzan swinging on a vine, etc. Applies also to situations involving non-conservative forces.
24. Potential Diagrams: Interpret and apply energy diagrams. This includes knowing kinetic and potential energy at any position, relating force to shape of the potential, qualitatively describing a trajectory given starting position and velocity, and explaining the effects of a change in total energy.
25. Σp: Relate the total momentum of a system of objects to the individual masses and velocities of the objects in the system. Includes defining and calculating momentum. Also applies to a single object.
26. J-p: Relate the net force on an object, the force’s duration, and the object’s momentum change. This includes applying the impulse-momentum theorem and defining impulse.
27. p Conservation: Apply conservation of momentum to analyze an isolated collision. This includes predicting final velocities, reconstructing initial velocities, and relating whether a collision is elastic, inelastic, or totally inelastic to the characteristics of the collision. It also includes relating initial and final total momentum.
28. Center of mass: Define and calculate the center of mass of a set of point masses, a composite object, or an extended object. Relate center of mass, total mass, and total momentum. Know when the center of mass moves and when it doesn’t.
29. Angular kinematics: Relate the angular velocity, angular position, and angular acceleration of a rotor undergoing a constant angular acceleration.
30. Angular formulas: Produce the formulas relating tangential and angular position, velocity, and acceleration for rigid rotors with fixed axes as well as circular rotors rolling without slipping. Without notes.
31. Rotor Energy: Determine the rotational kinetic energy of a rigid body. Includes combining translational and rotational kinetic energy to find total kinetic energy of a rigid body.
32. Find I: Calculate the moment of inertia of an object from its distribution of mass. Includes adding together segments of known moment of inertia, looking up a moment of inertia formula from a table and applying it properly, applying the parallel-axis theorem, and integrating to find the moment of inertia of a continuous body.
33. Torque: Relate the torques and forces applied to a body, and the net torque to the individual torques. This includes the definition of torque, with full appreciation of its vector nature. It also includes applying the cross product.
34. Angular N2: Relate the net torque on a rotor to the rotor’s moment of inertia and angular acceleration. This refers to angular Newton’s second law.
35. Static torques: Find an unknown force, lever arm, or radius vector in a system at mechanical equilibrium.
36. Angular work: Relate the rotational work done on a rotor to applied torque and angular displacement, and to the rotor’s change in rotational kinetic energy. These refer to the work-energy theorem in the angular case.
37. Angular momentum: Relate a particle’s angular momentum to its momentum and its position relative to a reference, and a rotor’s angular momentum to its moment of inertia and rotational velocity. Also determine the angular momentum of an extended rotor with respect to a reference point not at its center of mass. These refer to the formulas L = r×p and L = Iω.
38. L conservation: Use conservation of angular momentum to analyze collisions involving rotors, and to predict the motion of an object whose moment of inertia changes. This includes collisions involving objects like swinging doors and pendulums, and to systems such as spinning ice skaters and bolas.
39. SHM kinematics: Relate the position, velocity, acceleration, frequency and period, amplitude, kinetic and potential energies, and phase of an object undergoing simple harmonic motion. Includes symbolically and quantitatively obtaining one equation of motion from another, and determining extreme values of any of the quantities. Includes integrating or differentiating the equations of motion and applying the formulas ω2 = k/m and ΣE = ½ kA2 = ½ mvmax2.
40. Oscillator formulas: Produce the formulas for the frequency or angular frequency of a simple harmonic oscillator and of a simple pendulum. Without notes.
41. SHM energy: Describe the distribution of energy at different phases of the cycle of a simple harmonic oscillator or simple pendulum. Includes recognizing that mechanical energy is conserved, and that amplitude and maximum speed are monotonically related.
42. Simple pendulum: Identify and explain the factors determining the frequency and amplitude of a simple pendulum. Includes recognizing that frequency increases with g, decreases as L increases, and does not depend on m. Does not include deriving the relation ω2 = g/L or explicitly recognizing that the small-angle approximation is needed.
43. Physical Pendulum: Identify and explain the factors determining the frequency and amplitude of simple and physical pendulums. Calculate the period of physical pendulums. Includes applying the small-angle approximation, and recognizing a simple pendulum as a limiting case of a physical pendulum.
44. Waves: Trace, describe, and explain the movement of the medium in mechanical waves. Includes transverse string waves and sound waves.
45. Wave formulas: Relate the mathematical equation of a wave and its period, frequency, amplitude, speed, angular frequency, angular wavenumber, wavelength, and speed.
46. String wave speed: Apply and conceptually explain the relation between length density, tension, and speed in a transverse string wave.
47. Wave energy: Identify the partition and transfer of energy in mechanical waves.
48. Decibels: Relate the intensity of a sound wave at different distances from the source, and express in terms of decibels.
49. Doppler: Calculate the detected frequency of sound given the source frequency, velocities of source and detector, and speed of sound. Does not include relativistic Doppler shift.
50. Fluid pressure: Relate presure in an incompressible fluid to density and depth.
51. Buoyancy: Explain and calcualte the buoyancy force exerted by a fluid on an object.
52. Bernoulli: Relate speed, pressure, and depth at different locations in an inviscid fluid.
53. Big G: Calculate the gravitational force between two point masses. Apply Newton’s gravitational formula. Specify direction as well as magnitude.
54. Sphere gravity: Calculate the gravitational field inside and outside a sphere or spherical shell.
55. Gravitational energy: Calculate the gravitational potential energy between two particles or spheres and their total energy. Includes consequences such as escape speed.
56. Orbit conservation: Use conservation of momentum, energy, and angular momentum to describe the motion of bodies in all types (circular, elliptical, parabolic, and hyperbolic) of orbit. This includes justifying and applying Kepler’s laws.
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Revised: 25 April 2024. Maintained by Richard Barrans.
URL: http://www.barransclass.com/phys1210/phys1210_Standards_F23.html